Which hormone is secreted by the adrenal cortex in response to ACTH?

The adrenal cortex secretes cortisol in response to adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), which is produced by the pituitary gland. Cortisol is a steroid hormone that plays a crucial role in the body’s response to stress, as well as in the regulation of metabolism, immune function, and blood pressure.

When ACTH is released into the bloodstream, it stimulates the adrenal cortex, prompting the production and release of cortisol. This process is part of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, which is essential for maintaining homeostasis during stress and metabolic demands. The release of cortisol helps mobilize energy reserves and modulate the immune response, thereby preparing the body to handle challenging situations.

Other hormones listed serve different functions and are not secreted by the adrenal cortex in response to ACTH. Thyroxine, for instance, is produced by the thyroid gland and is involved in regulating metabolism. Insulin is secreted by the pancreas and helps control blood sugar levels, while glucagon, also from the pancreas, works oppositely to raise blood glucose levels. The specificity of cortisol secretion in response to ACTH highlights its unique role in the body's hormonal regulation and stress response.